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HOME AND DECLINE OF THE FALL



The Chavin theocratic state was developed around 1500 BC, its main temple "Chavin de Huantar" is located in the Callejon de Conchucos, which runs parallel to the Callejon de Huaylas , department of Ancash. This civilization was discovered by Peruvian archaeologist and doctor Julio Cesar Tello Rojas during the early XX, who conceived it as "the parent culture of Peru" coming to postulate that the origin of the Peruvian civilization was in the northern Andes, now, this hypothesis is being overtaken by Ruth Shady studies "Caral.
This company noted for leading the first unification panandina, to incorporate the civilizations that developed during initial training (Pacopampa, Kunturhuasi, Sechin, Chongoyape ...) and for its stone sculpture , cultural events we now have the honor admire.

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Call the EJI 8 - First Charter

COLLEGE OF SANTIAGO foundation. knowledge / art / culture
legal status granted by Ministerial Resolution No. 849/04
Santiago del Estero. Argentina Republic

Meeting of Young Researchers / 8
Organizers: FOUNDATION THE COLLEGE OF SANTIAGO / CONICET / INDES
8 al 11 October 2008
Place: Biblioteca Sarmiento, Freedom 674, Santiago del Estero

FIRST LETTER

Open again this space for eight years and belongs to the young people who participate by sharing their work. Each year we plan to call those from different disciplines wish to present their experiences in research, innovation, intervention and creation. The idea is to share the production in a respectful, constructive dialogue, exchange of experiences, methodologies, and knowledge. In previous meetings have been exposed more than one hundred papers. Exhibitors have attended Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Jujuy, Córdoba, Catamarca, La Plata and Buenos Aires.

Who is it for?
This year we will continue building bridges between science, technology and art. We are interested in linking these fields with social intervention aimed at transforming the reality of their environment.

What is the mode of presentation?
reports will be accepted scientific research completed or in progress, testing, intervention experiences and different artistic expressions of letters, arts, drama, music. We also welcome proposals for workshops on topics related to the meeting.

What are the areas?
We are open to receive summaries of different disciplines and approaches. We encourage especially the presentation of interdisciplinary and crosscutting. The areas that were addressed during these years were: politics, identity, society, technological innovation, education, health, psychology, community intervention, economics, literature, human rights, history, philosophy and art. This year we propose new areas of sociology of religion, history of Santiago del Estero, and ethnicity. In a subsequent letter describe in detail the broad thematic horizon.

After receipt of abstracts will be organized thematic working groups, who reported a month before the meeting. The coordinators of each table will get in contact with the authors and the authors of the papers to agree on terms of their exposure.

How to participate?
In the agreed period, is sent up to 1 page summary (500 words) describing the posing of the investigation, detailing the following items.

- Name of the author, or authors.
- Job title
- Institution to which he belongs
- Objectives of knowledge and / or work purposes.
- How do you work? The methodology, procedures.
- What type? Explain if a research in science or philosophy, an intervention program, an essay or speech artistic and means will be presented.
- In the case of investigations, appropriate conclusions or results.
- Attach the entry form contained at the bottom.

then submit the papers (7 to 12 pages A4, letter size 12, Times New Roman, 1 ½ space).
-Title, Authors, Institution to which it belongs.
-brief CV of no more than five lines, consigning the name of author / s, ID number, and e-mail address.
-preferably in JPG format pictures after work, like charts and graphs.
"Send text email and on paper.

What are the deadlines?
Abstract Submission: Monday, July 28, 2008
for Papers / papers / work: Monday September 8, 2008

What will the presentation of work in the meeting? Exhibition
colloquial or reading, 15 'to 20'. Dialogue.
-Papers can be supplemented with posters and posters (size: 50x70 to 70x110 cm.) That will be exhibited during the days of the meeting.
-Photography and plastic film and cinema.
-music, poetry, dance, theater.

Organizing Committee: Mariana Godoy Issac Rosa, Patricia Arenas, Mariana Espinosa, Enrique Milanesi, Daniel Guzmán, Analía Valentini, Jorge Silveti, Lidia Maria Julia, Leah Zottola, Ada Albanesi, Carlos López, Magdalena Ramirez, Roxana Velarde, Maria de las Mercedes Ruiz, Cecilia Teruel, Veronica Ledesma.

Academic Committee: Judith Farberman (CONICET-UNQ), Bruno Groppo (CNRS-Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne), Alfredo Bolsi (CONICET-UNT), Carlos V. Zurita (UNSE), Alejandro Auat (UNSE), Silvia Palomeque (UNC), Maria Mercedes Tenti (UNSE).
Design and graphics: Marta García Viviana
cultural Mentor: Ricardo Sgoifo
Press and broadcasting: Carlos Luna
General Secretariat: Daniela Nediani
Coordination: Alberto Tasso, Ana Teresa Martinez and Cecilia Canevari

Aegis
National University of Santiago del Estero. Universidad Católica de Santiago del Estero. Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Health (UNSE). Faculty of Philosophy and Letters (UNT). Department of Culture, Directorate General of Culture, Directorate of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education of the Province of Santiago del Estero. Ministry of Education and Culture of the Municipality of Santiago del Estero. Library Sarmiento. Amalio Library Olmos Castro. OSDE Foundation.

Registration and payment
- Speaker: $ 50
- Assistant: $ 30
- Student speaker: $ 40
- Student assistant: $ 20.

Abstracts are published in the booklet of texts and summaries of EJI / 8.

Address for reports
Email address: elcolegiodesantiago@yahoo.com.ar
http://jovenesqueinvestigan.blogspot.com
Mail: Biblioteca Sarmiento, Freedom 674, 4200 Santiago del Estero

Registration Form
Send along with the summary

Who sends the paper?
First and last name / s:
ID:
Age:
(less than 34 / 35 50 / 51 and more)
Address:
(indicating city, zip code, province and country)
Email:
Phone:
data / the speaker / s will be listed next to the text of the paper. Luggage
data necessary for the Secretariat and the coordinators can be contacted to ask for clarification or expansion.

Data presentation
Title:
mode in which he inscribes his work: "Expose
poster or poster?:
What technical means needed for the presentation?:
(Board, poster or poster, retro, cannon, video, etc.) Indicate whether it is an investigation, trial, or a technological or artistic work.
institutional references, if applicable: institution to which he belongs, which is formed, or where you work.

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EJI 7, 2007


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Bottomless Women School

Chavin civilization of the Inca Empire

By: Raúl Porras Barrenechea

Defeat in Cajamarca not be explained simply by the courage of the English or by fear of the Indians. Nor is explained by the factors cited by both parties superhuman, or the miracle of St. James helping with his formidable sword on the English, or the prophecy of Huayna Capac Garcilaso speaks about the upcoming completion of the Empire and the coming of white men Bearded, who must obey. Although these hallucinations had power over the minds of two warring peoples were not the driving forces.
Nor were the material elements: weapons and horses of the English. It is true that instilled fear the muskets and cavalry charges, but the superiority of English arms was offset the enormous numerical superiority of the Indians and primitive fear caused by the horses suddenly disappeared. The Indians tried to prevent them avoiding the plains, fighting in the bushes, digging holes in the fields to despernancaran horses. At the site of Cuzco several Indians caught the tails of the horses unable to walk. In the campaign against Rumiñahui Benalcázar heads of dead horses were placed on stakes crowned with flowers.
In fact, the Inca Empire began to collapse alone. Body was outdated and flawed in its enormity had the most active territorial germ of dissolution. The greatness of the empire was essentially linked to the existence in front of him in great spirits as warriors and conquerors of the last Inca, Tupac Yupanqui Pachacutec and, and, above all, the preservation of a military caste, sober and virtuous as of apricots. Huayna Capac began to decline. Huayna Capac was still a great conqueror like his father and grandfather, but have been presented and affirm and symptoms of corruption. Inca victories are more difficult and slow, do not sit and irresistible momentum of the legions Quechua. The conquest of Quito is the loss of Tahuantinsuyo. The tribes rebelled and just under a warning to the winners. Dried apricots, the invincible and austere reigns above caste, educated in abstinence, deprivation and work, had lost its force. I no longer eat corn raw or unsalted meats, abstained from no women in the preparatory exercises of his military career, and hand laborers, nor were the first in the jumping and running. From the classic ceremonies instituted by Tupac Yupanqui to discern orejón title, retained only the love of beer. The more you drink, the more man is, he came to say. Pastures were surprised and decimate them, after a victory, because according to Sarmiento account were "eating and drinking at will." The Cayambis, a harsh and unfamiliar people, resist the Inca army, and they flee for the first time the pears, leaving the country helpless and in danger of death to the Inca. This must be used to refer to methods that contradict Cayambis proverbial race and humanity of peacekeeping traditions of the Empire massacres of prisoners, war without mercy to women and children, burning and looting of villages. The federal bond was the mainstay of the Empire, and thus was not free and voluntary or managed by persuasion, but imposed by force. Inca cohesion was from then threatened by the hatred of the conquered peoples and ashamed. The uprisings were occurring and the enormous changes stocks managed by Huayna Capac, collective deportations true masses, not only increase the discontent of subjects and subject.
His achievements, personal courage, the superstitious awe of his subjects, not enough to hide the vicious and decadent condition of the monarch. Virile yet fulfill the conditions of their ancestors, but relaxed by their invincible tendency to pleasure, pomp and drink. His desire to build palaces Tumibamba exceeded those of Cuzco, apart from releasing the sumptuary is frivolous, having sparked a backlash from Cuzco, one of the causes of the dissolution of the Empire. Fiestas and entertainment fill the final stages of his reign, after based on sensual and enervation of Quito. Dancing and drinking enlivened the passage of the procession of Huayna Capac-shaped sycophants and courtiers around the Tahuantisuyo. The Inca these excesses led light. It was "vicious women," says Cieza, deprived him of sycophants and flatterers and was the first drunk of the kingdom. "I drank more than three Indians together," says Pedro Pizarro, and when asked how the trial had not lost drinking so much, replied the old Bacchus vicious "I drank for the poor that he sustained many." Huayna Capac was
, despite these flaws, serious, brave and righteous. The Indians loved him and respected him. "It was very dear to all vassals "said Pedro Pizarro, Cieza says he" wanted to be so afraid that night I dreamed the Indians. "In his hands there was no danger the unity of the empire. But he created the fatal germ of dissolution, a rival based in Cuzco, in remote areas and just conquered and the cause of creating future division Inca paved the way for the English. If the land had not been divided, "says one of the first conquerors, or if Huayna Capac had lived," we could not enter or win.
The decline started, even wrapped in splendor, in the reign of Huayna Capac's death accentuates it. Huascar, the rightful heir, lacked Don management and firmness of mind to drive so vast and diverse empire. His father had also created a political problem to be solved by the will and ability than his. He lacked the physical courage to confront and disarm his prestige as a son of the Sun, their enemies. The stigma of indiscipline and disobedience took hold of his subjects. The ambitious regional spirit of Quito, irresponsibly encouraged sensual frivolity of Huayna Capac, stood against him challenging his power. Cuzco and Quito had arrived because of rivalry, to hate each other irreconcilably. Huayna Capac
completed remembering error, in the sensual flirtation of her life, to prepare and ensure the normal succession of the Empire. With a proactive action in this regard and the respect he had his subjects, his decision clearly expressed and reaffirmed estate, would have prevented the confusion and discord that followed his death.
clarify for it does not matter if issued at the last minute and want some chroniclers, through painted stripes on a pole dynastic decision. Had ordered in his will as sole ruler of the empire indivisible Huascar, Ninan Cuyochi or Manco Inca, or arranged for the division of the empire between Huascar and Atahualpa, leaving one Cuzco and is removed, the separation of North and South had been irreparably produced. Atahualpa was not the name of a regional insurgency raging against takeovers and overbearing spirit of the capital, Cuzco. Atahualpa
perhaps most audacious and clever Huascar, he could, it was the rightful heir, not a bastard, contain the dissolution of the Empire based on cunning and political savvy of strong violence case, but is not be assumed to obtain the agreement reached sincere and loyal side of Cuzco. The insurrection had broken out sooner or later, or instead of Atahualpa would have had to impose a bloody despotism as they opened in Cuzco, his generals and Calcuchima Quisquis following the defeat and capture of Huascar.
Cuzco and Quito were no longer a single nation, they were strangers and enemies. Born in Cuzco and Quito, a Quechua ñusta or a princess of Quito, Atahualpa raised away from Cuzco, its institutions and customs, was a stranger who did not deserve the confidence of the imperial city and its ancient ayllu.
Another sign of the dissolution was the abandonment of the strongest tenets of its own social cohesion. The strength and stability of the empire came from healthy agricultural standards of the ayllu, forced labor and collective community land, equality and proportion in the distribution of the benefits, parental supervision of the chiefs. All that had created the Inca joy in "the good time of Tupac Yupanqui, was left with improvident folly. The Inca and their relatives, the privileged nobility, under the pretext of war, had formed a separate caste, excluded from work, parasitic and lazy. Around her were breaking all the old principles. The people working for them rudely, had not only to till the lands of the Inca and the Sun and the community, but these new masters. The Inca, breaking the economic unity of the Empire, regaled the nobles land and curacas, who got them to rent Indians who grow, with obligation to surrender some part of the fruit. These individual properties within a people accustomed to collectivism, hurt the very spirit of the race and presaged the solution or a new cycle under different rules. The favored nobles tried to perpetuate the favor received, transmitting the individual property. The regular distribution of land became increasingly formal and symbolic. The Inca or camayoc llacta confirmed each year to the occupants in their own plots of land, existing owners actually almost a lifetime. What year did the sharing out of additional lots for the children who were born or the land called off. The best land in all cases were of nobles and curacas and they did not work. There began to destroy the great Inca Empire workers. At the time the English arrived, the ancient Incan unit was corroded by such germs of division-one economic, class discontent of the people against the ruling military aristocracy, another politician, the hatred between Cuzco and Quito. All first witnesses of the conquest, to establish the existence of the latter. But the social and economic malaise in the chronicler collecting more intuition and legal yeast early times. Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, after questioning them critically to the first conquistadores returning to Spain after the capture of Atahualpa, immediately entered the printing and smart "people of war is very subdued those who are farmers or rural people who understand agriculture."
The fight between the two brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, reveals intimate of all evil empire. Betrayal and cowardice, incapacity, weave the fabric of civil war. In every Indian general auca or encouraged a traitor. In Cuzco, suspected of loyalty Auqui Huang, the head of the troops of Huascar, inexplicably defeated in successive battles by Atahualpa's generals, and Calcuchima Quisquis. Here, arrogant conquerors, bear no respect for the imperial lineage Huascar, verbally insult the widow of Huayna Capac Coya and the wife of Huascar and exterminate all their relatives to pregnant women.
"Where you been, old presumptuous pride that motivates you?" Mama says Rahua Quisquis Ocllo revered former Empress. Forgetfulness or contempt for the Inca traditions comes, in the process of dissolution, to the desecration. Atahualpa paves the Huaca of Huamachuco that presage bad end, knock down the idol and beheaded the priest. Huáscar disdained the mummies of their ancestors, as Pedro Pizarro, and Santa Cruz Pachacuti accused of having authorized the rape of virgins of the Sun Quisquis and Calcuchima made even the largest conceivable insult to the majesty of the Incas, the Inca Tupac Yupanqui mummy was taken from his palace, where he was revered, and publicly burned. But the most noticeable feature of this derangement, which outlines and the discrediting of the authority and the overflow sacrilegious, is the accentuation of cruelty. Atahualpa chastens Canaris fiercely, making the belly open to women in film, and to kill their children. Sarmiento de Gamboa, said that Atahualpa was the greatest cruelty, theft, abuse, tyranny, "that there never had been done on this earth." The story of the atrocities carried out by Atahualpa's generals in the field and relatives Yahuarpampa against Huascar,-women, children, elderly-, hanged, drowned, killed by starvation, is a grim truth. The end of the Inca Empire was enacted not by the empty office of the oracles, but by the abandonment of the essential rules of humanity and moral severity, and the traditional forces that had made the greatness of the Inca culture. ________________________________________

* Published in: Journal of the Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, May 1935, Year III, No. 13, p. 142-148. Reprinted in the journal Sollertia, Year V, No. VIII, Oct.-Dec. 1990, where it is taken.

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Monte Verde: the first inhabitants might not be Asian American? VIDEO OF THE AMERICAN

From 1977 to 1985, Tom Dillehay of the University of Kentucky patiently excavated in Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Chilean Patagonia. The material found is very rich and well preserved. This is the remains of a camp of 12 huts of sticks and skins with a radiocarbon dated to 12,500 years BC The remains include stone tools and organic materials such as bone, ivory and logs. The bones are of mastodons, llamas, fish and seafood.
Even more surprising is the discovery of MV-II (Monteverde deeper layers II), a camp yet Oldest: 33000 years BC In this coating is removed only a few stone tools. Dillehay prefer Monteverde I finish studying, before delving into the more remote site. The scientific world waits impatiently.

If confirmed human presence in more than 30 thousand years old in Monteverde, it would give a new twist to the explanation of the peopling of America. It confirmed that thousands of years before that Asians come to America by the Bering Strait, and the Melanesian or Australians had come to South Amercia after crossing the Pacific Ocean.

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SETTLEMENT TIME LINE OF INCA CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS

CLICK TO ENLARGE

Manco Capac
* Character myth present in the main myths of origin, appears as the founder of Cusco. * According to Guaman Poma
ordered the building of the temple in honor of the sun "Coricancha."

Sinchiroca
* According to the chronicler Cabello de Balboa, was the first to stick the mascaipacha, distinctive sanctity of chewing ayllu members. Fray Martin
* Murru says he was the first to order expressly all its ancestry that pierce the ears as a sign of nobility.
* Cieza de Leon says that it was he who ordered the extension of Coricancha.
* Despite the mascaipacha stick, had no title but SINCHI Inca which means "warlord."

Lloque Yupanqui Manco
• Shift Sapaca, Sinchiroca son of one of its leading women. Noted for its ability to incorporate his chiefdom ayllus near Cusco. * According to the chronicles
this ruling is characterized by the ability to build partnerships with neighboring towns through kinship (marriage).
* In the vicinity of Cuzco, managed to wrest land from Ayarmacas. Although at any moment she endangered the continuance of his chiefdom.

Mayta Capac
* Except for Sarmiento de Gamboa, who introduced Mayta Capac as the fourth son of Lloque Yupanqui, there is consensus among the other writers point out that this prince was the only heir to the Inca. The death of his father, being very young Mayta Capac, two of his uncles were responsible for the direction of the confederation, and was deposited in the Coricancha mascaipacha until the prince met the prerequisites for ceñírsela (Maria Rostworowski, Lima, 2006 .) * He fought successfully
rebellion of alcahuisas, reaching to capture the main sinchi chiefdom that ordered his imprisonment for life.
* The writers agree that the defeat of the alcahuisas, Mayta Capac became the first ruler who managed to govern the whole Cusco and its surroundings, so it was consolidating the confederation. Capac Yupanqui


* The Jesuit Anello Oliva reports that was not the son Capac Yupanqui Capac Mayta, but his sister called curuyacu.
* began the march to the Antisuyu to subdue the peoples of Ancasmarca and Whose brand.
* defeated and joined the confederation to Condesuyus. * Accepted the incorporation
volunteer residents of the rich province of Andahuaylas, who feared the sinchis of Ayacucho, Soras, rucana, the river Pampas "the chance."
* Interpreting the chronic, it appears that Mayta Capac's death was engineered by Hanan led by Inca Roca.
* was seduced and poisoned by Cusi Chimbo, sister of his first wife, after his death Inca Roca takes over and becomes its own Cusi Coya to Chimbo, in the words of Mercy Murua "... cruel and ill-conditioned women. .. ". Inca Roca


* He began the dynasty Hanan Cusco, appearing for the first time the title of Inca.
* The rise of the new dynasty generated conflicts, wars and conflicts between ayllu ADR hurin allies were defeated by the Inca Roca.
* Despite having participated in many wars, Inca rock is not known for being a successful conqueror. During these years the Incas had no expansionist zeal, only trying to ensure the leadership of the confederation, which had formed ayllus neighbors.
* The war began with the Chanca, who invaded the Inca province of Andahuaylas. * Inca rock
Inticancha left, the residence of the rulers, and ordered the construction of a palace on the top, from the moment the new rulers built their residences.
* Sarmiento de Gamboa informs us: "... Inca Roca Inca ... Seeing that his predecessors had always lived in Cusco low, and this is called hurincuscos, command thereafter that it should come hiciesen other bias and group who called themselves hanancuscos, which means the Cusco of the band above ... it should be noted that each particular Inca palace had to live, not wanting the child to live in homes that their parents had lived .. . * Inca Roca
ended the war Ayamarcas through a new bond of kinship, gave his daughter the chief Ayarmaca Curi Ocllo Tocay Capac, Capac Tocay turn gave his daughter Mama Chiquia Prince Huallpa Inca Titu Cusi , the latter being known as Huaca Yahuar "the weeping blood" ...

Yahuar Huacac
* As a young man was kidnapped by the Ayarmacas, wept blood in captivity which triggered fear among their captors who gave him freedom.
* Organized the army with the intention of conquering the Collao. However, the raid never took place the revolt of the Kuntisuyus, who taking advantage of a festvidad held in Cusco, the Inca killed.
* The Chancas aware of the chaos in the chiefdom Cusco, again invaded Andahuaylas and prepared to march against the Cusco.
* Once the order hanan dried apricots decided to appoint new Hatum Tupac Inca, who decided to take the name of the tutelary deity Viracocha. Viracocha


* Should you mutiple neighboring chiefdoms surveys with support from their masters and Vicaquirao Mayta Apo.
* After years of government Viracocha decided to give the fringe to one of his heirs, the choice was a young prince named Urco (for some writers, Viracocha was persuaded by one of his concubines, the mother of Urco).
* Urco government neglected to pursue pleasures and vices (he is accused in the chronicles of borraccho, rapist and neglected).
* Apu and Vicaquirao Mayta, Viracocha warlords took a conspiracy that sought to replace Urco by Cusi Yupanqui, a prince with recognized leadership competencies and skills of war.
* The Chanca, who had invaded Andahuaylas, now had mobilized his troops to Vilcacuna, the outskirts of Cusco.
* The deseción of Urco chanca the imminent invasion accelerated the rise of Prince Cusi Yupanqui, who with the support of the captains of Viracocha, reorganized the ejéricito preparing for war.

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: The Origins

The Origin of the Empire
The myth is the way they found to keep the ancient cultures from one generation to the explanation of its origin or provenance through an imaginative and fantastic narration will vary over time. The myth becomes a wonderful story outside of historical time and starring characters of the divine nature.

Inca culture was no exception. The writers collected a series of legends and myths designed to explain its origin. The stories collected by the writers present a series of male and female characters, which highlights the presence of Manco Capac, the founder of Cuzco and the Inca culture. Garcilaso de la Vega mestizo chronicler states that the place of origin of the Incas pacarina located on Lake Titicaca, from where Father Sun sends husbands brothers Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo a long journey to the north, with the aim of finding the sacred valley where he founded a new state. In its long journey to the mythic couple arrived Pacaritampu-Posada-dawn where they stayed for one night, the next day Manco Capac ordered that the area is populated for having served as a refuge. They continued their long journey north, arriving to the hill where Manco Capac Huanacaure rod mágica1entregada launched by his father, this staff would be buried in the Valley being the signal to settle there the holy city. Local people, known in the chronicles as Acamama 1 , Marveled at the knowledge and skills 2 mythical partner and ended by welcoming them as their leaders, revered as "Children of the Sun." Garcilaso's interest in capturing the attention of European readers, leads him to transform this indigenous tradition with elements not compatible with the Andean world. At all times tried to project an idealized image of Tahuantinsuyo, presenting it as a political society and economic well-organized, without problems, which were not known hunger or scarcity, rather living according to a rational exploitation of resources and a fair distribution of wealth. But further research would prove otherwise, as noted in the ethno historian Maria Rostworowski, culture in this region for millennia and there was no state of barbarism that Garcilaso attributed to pre-Inca. Also it is known that the Inca state, having achieved a high level of development, serious social problems faced during the time it was enforced due to internal power struggles and the difficulties inherent in any conquering people.


In the case of the myth of the Ayar brothers, the best supported, we can see clearly the dual conception of the world, the presence of four brothers with their respective counterparts. Salidos
a cave called Pacaritambo, Production Posada, Posada del Amanecer or House of the cache. This place was found on the hill Tambotoco, it had three windows. From one of these windows, Capac Toco, came four brothers whose names were Ayar Uchu, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Manco Ayar Auca. They were accompanied by four sisters, Mama Ocllo Huaco Mama, Mama and Mama Cura Ipacura or Raua. Every writer, when following his informants, has small variations of these episodes.
narrated myths here, references to the way it was occupied by the ancient Inca Cusco, are totally different stories from the version given by Garcilaso. Legend of the Ayar, with transformations of the characters on stones or "guanca" sacred, as well as the long pilgrimage Manco group are very Andean episodes, also present in the myths of other ethnicities. The migration of the Incas was not the primitive bands of herders and hunters, but essentially agricultural peoples, greatly concerned to find good farmland.
"In the psychoanalytic analysis of the myth are the two fundamental prohibitions, that of incest and parricide and instead becomes apparent the existence of a network of fraternal relationships in which incest appears to be given. This myth does not exist the married couple, only the binomial mother / son / brother / sister. Within of that system of relations, interdiction by the father inside the triangle is absent. The kinship system present in the myth of the Ayar seems to imply, from this perspective, a dual relationship between the child and mother "(Hernández et al, 1987) 3 .
is interesting to note that the version of Guaman Poma Mama Huaco is mentioned as the mother of Manco Capac and alludes to an incestuous relationship between them. On the other hand, Sarmiento de Gamboa Huaco mentions that Mama was one of the leaders of the group and that the people of Matagua this woman was "very strong and right hand "took two gold rods and threw toward the north, a Colcabamba fell, but land kneeling hard not allowed. The second threw a land called Guayanaypata which entered softly. Other informants told Sarmiento de Gamboa was Manco Capac and Mama no Huaco who threw the magic wand that would indicate permanent settlement. DATING


1 "... according to records Huaman Poma de Ayala and the priest Murru Mercy Martin, the former name of the territory in which sits the present city of Cusco was Acamama. It was actually a small village nestled between two river valleys of Cusco, ie Huatanay and Tullumayo. This village was made up of four neighborhoods: Quinti Cancha Chumbi Cancha Cancha and Yarambuy Sairi court ... "Maria Rostworowski," Eciclopedia theme of Peru: Incas, Editorial Orbis Ventures SAC First Edition 2004 p. 21
2 "... it says that Manco Capac met all men and teach them the art of war and the construction of irrigation canals and agricultural terraces. Ocllo Mama, meanwhile, gathered the women and instructed in the art of weaving and culture ... "Op.cit .. p22
3 Taken http://incas.perucultural.org.pe, recommended site. READ

LEGENDS: BROTHERS AYAR; ATTACK CHANCE TO CUSCO ...

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INCAS Mind Map: "The Rise and Decline of the Pre-Hispanic Societies" Mind Map

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What are they and what are they?
The Mind Map is a tool that enables the storage, organization and presentation of information in order to facilitate learning processes, management and organizational planning and decision making. Speaking about the Mind Map to other information management technology is allowing us to represent our ideas using a harmonic way cognitive functions of the cerebral hemispheres.

The technique of Mind Mapping was developed by Tony Buzan in order to strengthen the synaptic connections that occur between neurons in the cerebral cortex that enable virtually all the intellectual activities of human beings.

Using the Mind Map produced an electro-chemical bonding between the cerebral hemispheres so that all our cognitive abilities are concentrated on one object and work harmoniously with same purpose. Justification


A mind map is part of radiant thinking, ie the associative thought process from a central point. It is a natural function of the human mind through the mental map projected irradiation graphically this movement of thought, represented by ideas linked to the central image.
is advisable to maintain a ranking and categorization of ideas, it will be beneficial to optimize mental abilities.

How to make a Mind Map? Let
these brief instructions:
1. Use as few words as possible. Of choice "words key "or better still images.
2. Always starts from the center of the sheet by placing the central idea should always develop radiating outwards so.
3. The focus should be represented with a clear and powerful that summarizes the overall theme of the Mind Map.
4. Located through the brainstorm (brainstorm) ideas related to the central idea.
5. Branches by linking the idea or theme related ideas or subtopics.
6. Be guided by the sense of clockwise (Timing) to rank ideas or subtopics.
7. Use spacing (Spacing) to accommodate a balanced way the ideas or subtopics.
8. Stresses keywords or lock them in a colorful circle to reinforce the structure of the map.
9. Use print.
10. Use color to differentiate the issues, their associations and to highlight some content.
11. Think of a three-dimensional.
12. Use arrows, icons or any visual element that allows you to differentiate and to clarify the relationship between ideas.
13. Do not jam. If you run out of ideas on a sub goes to another immediately.
14. Shape your ideas as they come, do not judge or try to change them.
15. Do not limit yourself, if you run a new leaf paste your mind is not guided by the size of the paper.
16. Maximum use of your creativity.
17. Get involved with your Mind Map.
18. Have fun. EXAMPLE


Imagine that our idea is: Game
Immediately we come ideas linked to this central idea: sport, passion, friendship, competition, sweat, victory, fellowship, strength, health, group ... We must now take
hierarchy categorize our secondary ideas, it is advisable to organize the secondary ideas clockwise (clock handles): Let's plot



other examples mind mapping Mind Mapping

Mas. ..

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pre-Chavin Lambayeque hills

This tinged his way home today, the Commerce Journal , to show that Peru is an endless source of vestiges that testify to its rich past.
A team of journalists from this newspaper was part of an expedition that revealed the existence of enigmatic images in various mountains of the Lambayeque Valley, the Eagle Owl Oyotún and Mythic are located near two gigantic figures of Zana, in Lambayeque. They are very ancient, construction specialists located in 2000 BC That is, belong to the Early Formative period and are older than the Chavin culture . More information
Oyotún

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Chiquián drives


is one of the main attractions of the Ancash region. They observed communities still use the quipu and barter, and petroglyphs have been discovered.

By David Gavidia.corresponsal La República

Chiquián is the gateway to the Cordillera Huayhuash, surrounded by majestic peaks and deep gorges. It is the second tourist destination Ancash, Huaraz after. It is a natural amphitheater, where adventure sports like trekking, paragliding and kayaking are an ideal scenario, the same with ecotourism, mystical and experiential.
This time a new route attention. This is the Cantuta Road, with its capital Chiquián "Sky Mirror" and that, in the words of filmmaker Roberto Aldama, president of Eco Adventure Peru, promoter of this area is a veritable laboratory of historical and anthropological research you can appreciate the different stages of evolution of the Andean culture, from training to the present.

Cantuta COLOR: sacred flower of the Incas
The tour also appreciate caves, rock formations, petroglyphs, rock paintings and countless archaeological sites. There cantuta flourishes in seven different colors. "The path is a veritable laboratory for research in archeology and anthropology, as are remnants of the man who lived in the caves, more than 10 thousand years," said Aldama, who, along with Arturo Ruiz Estrada archaeologist and historian Filomeno Zubieta Chiquián published the book, Archaeology, Identity and Tourism.
of quipus AND CAFE PETROGLIFOS
. The beautiful flower of the cantata is observed along the route. Below, a stop on the journey, visitors are valuable feelings.
On the Road Cantuta shows the Rock and Cuspón community, where it is still seen with the use of funerary quipu. "When an adult dies, the quipucamayos or Licuna Mama prepares a quipu to accompany the deceased on his journey to eternity for his defense of spirits or demons that exist in the afterlife. The goal is that the soul walk freely. There are still pre-Hispanic customs, "said Arturo Ruiz Estrada.
This monoquipu has a length of three meters long. Its color is black and white. For residents, this proves to be a true symbol of cultural resistance and umbilical cord that connects them with their "glorious" past.
Another attraction of the area is its cuisine. There are the traditional pachamanca, the pony-rocro, corn with cheese Chiquián, humitas (Intake is between June and August) and chicha, fermented Cunt, which is capable of repairing the body of those who follow the path of the Cordillera Huayhuash, 12 days of trekking through the Andes.
In this way also see petroglyphs with geometric, anthropomorphic and other difficult to determine the form and time. It should do more research and use carbon 14 to determine with certainty their age. The same applies to the paintings.

barter instead persist in the ways such as barter. In the community of Rock, we found more than 200 varieties of potato. The route also includes visits by stone monuments, mausoleums, fortified centers that are in the heights, surrounded by walls. To access them, not only get to by car, also the back of a beast.
The abundant archaeological remains that exist in the area, including Castle Ticlla, and the town of Matara, are surrounded by forests cantata, one of the attractions that have this route, which becomes an interesting new route.

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Road Cantuta FAO declares 2008 "International Year of the Potato" LA Torrera


(Article taken from RPP Noticias)

The Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has declared 2008 International Year of the Potato ", upon accepting the Peruvian initiative presented at the 33 ° Session of the General Conference, held in Rome, informed the Foreign Ministry.
This national initiative, according to the Foreign Ministry in that year will allow special meetings are made at the international, regional and national levels to promote cultivation and consumption of potatoes.
According to information provided by the Ambassador of Peru in Italy, Harold Forsyth Mejia, the resolution focuses world attention on the potential role of the Andean tuber alluded to provide food security and poverty alleviation in rural areas.
On the other hand, the FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources Food and Agriculture, has included the potato from the list of protected crops in order to ensure sustainable use of genetic material associated with it. RECOMMENDED

brief history of the potato in pre-Hispanic Peru
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