Monday, February 18, 2008

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SETTLEMENT TIME LINE OF INCA CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS

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Manco Capac
* Character myth present in the main myths of origin, appears as the founder of Cusco. * According to Guaman Poma
ordered the building of the temple in honor of the sun "Coricancha."

Sinchiroca
* According to the chronicler Cabello de Balboa, was the first to stick the mascaipacha, distinctive sanctity of chewing ayllu members. Fray Martin
* Murru says he was the first to order expressly all its ancestry that pierce the ears as a sign of nobility.
* Cieza de Leon says that it was he who ordered the extension of Coricancha.
* Despite the mascaipacha stick, had no title but SINCHI Inca which means "warlord."

Lloque Yupanqui Manco
• Shift Sapaca, Sinchiroca son of one of its leading women. Noted for its ability to incorporate his chiefdom ayllus near Cusco. * According to the chronicles
this ruling is characterized by the ability to build partnerships with neighboring towns through kinship (marriage).
* In the vicinity of Cuzco, managed to wrest land from Ayarmacas. Although at any moment she endangered the continuance of his chiefdom.

Mayta Capac
* Except for Sarmiento de Gamboa, who introduced Mayta Capac as the fourth son of Lloque Yupanqui, there is consensus among the other writers point out that this prince was the only heir to the Inca. The death of his father, being very young Mayta Capac, two of his uncles were responsible for the direction of the confederation, and was deposited in the Coricancha mascaipacha until the prince met the prerequisites for ceñírsela (Maria Rostworowski, Lima, 2006 .) * He fought successfully
rebellion of alcahuisas, reaching to capture the main sinchi chiefdom that ordered his imprisonment for life.
* The writers agree that the defeat of the alcahuisas, Mayta Capac became the first ruler who managed to govern the whole Cusco and its surroundings, so it was consolidating the confederation. Capac Yupanqui


* The Jesuit Anello Oliva reports that was not the son Capac Yupanqui Capac Mayta, but his sister called curuyacu.
* began the march to the Antisuyu to subdue the peoples of Ancasmarca and Whose brand.
* defeated and joined the confederation to Condesuyus. * Accepted the incorporation
volunteer residents of the rich province of Andahuaylas, who feared the sinchis of Ayacucho, Soras, rucana, the river Pampas "the chance."
* Interpreting the chronic, it appears that Mayta Capac's death was engineered by Hanan led by Inca Roca.
* was seduced and poisoned by Cusi Chimbo, sister of his first wife, after his death Inca Roca takes over and becomes its own Cusi Coya to Chimbo, in the words of Mercy Murua "... cruel and ill-conditioned women. .. ". Inca Roca


* He began the dynasty Hanan Cusco, appearing for the first time the title of Inca.
* The rise of the new dynasty generated conflicts, wars and conflicts between ayllu ADR hurin allies were defeated by the Inca Roca.
* Despite having participated in many wars, Inca rock is not known for being a successful conqueror. During these years the Incas had no expansionist zeal, only trying to ensure the leadership of the confederation, which had formed ayllus neighbors.
* The war began with the Chanca, who invaded the Inca province of Andahuaylas. * Inca rock
Inticancha left, the residence of the rulers, and ordered the construction of a palace on the top, from the moment the new rulers built their residences.
* Sarmiento de Gamboa informs us: "... Inca Roca Inca ... Seeing that his predecessors had always lived in Cusco low, and this is called hurincuscos, command thereafter that it should come hiciesen other bias and group who called themselves hanancuscos, which means the Cusco of the band above ... it should be noted that each particular Inca palace had to live, not wanting the child to live in homes that their parents had lived .. . * Inca Roca
ended the war Ayamarcas through a new bond of kinship, gave his daughter the chief Ayarmaca Curi Ocllo Tocay Capac, Capac Tocay turn gave his daughter Mama Chiquia Prince Huallpa Inca Titu Cusi , the latter being known as Huaca Yahuar "the weeping blood" ...

Yahuar Huacac
* As a young man was kidnapped by the Ayarmacas, wept blood in captivity which triggered fear among their captors who gave him freedom.
* Organized the army with the intention of conquering the Collao. However, the raid never took place the revolt of the Kuntisuyus, who taking advantage of a festvidad held in Cusco, the Inca killed.
* The Chancas aware of the chaos in the chiefdom Cusco, again invaded Andahuaylas and prepared to march against the Cusco.
* Once the order hanan dried apricots decided to appoint new Hatum Tupac Inca, who decided to take the name of the tutelary deity Viracocha. Viracocha


* Should you mutiple neighboring chiefdoms surveys with support from their masters and Vicaquirao Mayta Apo.
* After years of government Viracocha decided to give the fringe to one of his heirs, the choice was a young prince named Urco (for some writers, Viracocha was persuaded by one of his concubines, the mother of Urco).
* Urco government neglected to pursue pleasures and vices (he is accused in the chronicles of borraccho, rapist and neglected).
* Apu and Vicaquirao Mayta, Viracocha warlords took a conspiracy that sought to replace Urco by Cusi Yupanqui, a prince with recognized leadership competencies and skills of war.
* The Chanca, who had invaded Andahuaylas, now had mobilized his troops to Vilcacuna, the outskirts of Cusco.
* The deseción of Urco chanca the imminent invasion accelerated the rise of Prince Cusi Yupanqui, who with the support of the captains of Viracocha, reorganized the ejéricito preparing for war.

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: The Origins

The Origin of the Empire
The myth is the way they found to keep the ancient cultures from one generation to the explanation of its origin or provenance through an imaginative and fantastic narration will vary over time. The myth becomes a wonderful story outside of historical time and starring characters of the divine nature.

Inca culture was no exception. The writers collected a series of legends and myths designed to explain its origin. The stories collected by the writers present a series of male and female characters, which highlights the presence of Manco Capac, the founder of Cuzco and the Inca culture. Garcilaso de la Vega mestizo chronicler states that the place of origin of the Incas pacarina located on Lake Titicaca, from where Father Sun sends husbands brothers Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo a long journey to the north, with the aim of finding the sacred valley where he founded a new state. In its long journey to the mythic couple arrived Pacaritampu-Posada-dawn where they stayed for one night, the next day Manco Capac ordered that the area is populated for having served as a refuge. They continued their long journey north, arriving to the hill where Manco Capac Huanacaure rod mágica1entregada launched by his father, this staff would be buried in the Valley being the signal to settle there the holy city. Local people, known in the chronicles as Acamama 1 , Marveled at the knowledge and skills 2 mythical partner and ended by welcoming them as their leaders, revered as "Children of the Sun." Garcilaso's interest in capturing the attention of European readers, leads him to transform this indigenous tradition with elements not compatible with the Andean world. At all times tried to project an idealized image of Tahuantinsuyo, presenting it as a political society and economic well-organized, without problems, which were not known hunger or scarcity, rather living according to a rational exploitation of resources and a fair distribution of wealth. But further research would prove otherwise, as noted in the ethno historian Maria Rostworowski, culture in this region for millennia and there was no state of barbarism that Garcilaso attributed to pre-Inca. Also it is known that the Inca state, having achieved a high level of development, serious social problems faced during the time it was enforced due to internal power struggles and the difficulties inherent in any conquering people.


In the case of the myth of the Ayar brothers, the best supported, we can see clearly the dual conception of the world, the presence of four brothers with their respective counterparts. Salidos
a cave called Pacaritambo, Production Posada, Posada del Amanecer or House of the cache. This place was found on the hill Tambotoco, it had three windows. From one of these windows, Capac Toco, came four brothers whose names were Ayar Uchu, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Manco Ayar Auca. They were accompanied by four sisters, Mama Ocllo Huaco Mama, Mama and Mama Cura Ipacura or Raua. Every writer, when following his informants, has small variations of these episodes.
narrated myths here, references to the way it was occupied by the ancient Inca Cusco, are totally different stories from the version given by Garcilaso. Legend of the Ayar, with transformations of the characters on stones or "guanca" sacred, as well as the long pilgrimage Manco group are very Andean episodes, also present in the myths of other ethnicities. The migration of the Incas was not the primitive bands of herders and hunters, but essentially agricultural peoples, greatly concerned to find good farmland.
"In the psychoanalytic analysis of the myth are the two fundamental prohibitions, that of incest and parricide and instead becomes apparent the existence of a network of fraternal relationships in which incest appears to be given. This myth does not exist the married couple, only the binomial mother / son / brother / sister. Within of that system of relations, interdiction by the father inside the triangle is absent. The kinship system present in the myth of the Ayar seems to imply, from this perspective, a dual relationship between the child and mother "(Hernández et al, 1987) 3 .
is interesting to note that the version of Guaman Poma Mama Huaco is mentioned as the mother of Manco Capac and alludes to an incestuous relationship between them. On the other hand, Sarmiento de Gamboa Huaco mentions that Mama was one of the leaders of the group and that the people of Matagua this woman was "very strong and right hand "took two gold rods and threw toward the north, a Colcabamba fell, but land kneeling hard not allowed. The second threw a land called Guayanaypata which entered softly. Other informants told Sarmiento de Gamboa was Manco Capac and Mama no Huaco who threw the magic wand that would indicate permanent settlement. DATING


1 "... according to records Huaman Poma de Ayala and the priest Murru Mercy Martin, the former name of the territory in which sits the present city of Cusco was Acamama. It was actually a small village nestled between two river valleys of Cusco, ie Huatanay and Tullumayo. This village was made up of four neighborhoods: Quinti Cancha Chumbi Cancha Cancha and Yarambuy Sairi court ... "Maria Rostworowski," Eciclopedia theme of Peru: Incas, Editorial Orbis Ventures SAC First Edition 2004 p. 21
2 "... it says that Manco Capac met all men and teach them the art of war and the construction of irrigation canals and agricultural terraces. Ocllo Mama, meanwhile, gathered the women and instructed in the art of weaving and culture ... "Op.cit .. p22
3 Taken http://incas.perucultural.org.pe, recommended site. READ

LEGENDS: BROTHERS AYAR; ATTACK CHANCE TO CUSCO ...

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Introduction The process of civilization in Peru was developed throughout the Archaic period 1 consolidated with the appearance of pottery and theocratic societies during the formative . In future the high cultures developed independently, spreading through the Andes knowledge and cultural patterns. The first major expansion experienced in Peruvian territory is the Chavin culture (2000 BC-200ac), which from a shrine located in the central Andes felt its cultural influence to the highlands and part of the south coast (Karwa) this culture would thus become the first meeting of unification panandina 2.

During the second half of the first millennium it appeared the Wari culture complex. This style was forged in Ayacucho on the basis of elements of different origin: the ancient local culture Huarpa, Tiahuanaco in the Aymara and Nazca on the southern coast, thus producing the second unification panandina .
Some argue that the motive for the imposition Wari over vast territorial areas of ancient Peru was the spread of a particular religious faith. Others argue that Wari was military expansion and led to build a real empire. However, there are solid challenges to these ideas, military conquests and the spread of magical religious concepts are nothing more than vehicles used for the imposition of ideology Wari ideology intended to implement an effective statewide organization of production and distribution of food, had to cope with population growth, labor control, as well as the endemic crisis experienced in the Andes since he put into practice the intensive cultivation of land. The importance of the Wari culture, belonging to the horizon through Rowe, lies in the legacy bequeathed to the Incas: the language, roads, artistic styles, the use of improved cultivation terraces, plus a range of cultural patterns.

The third and final grand unification panandina it is The Empire of the Incas.

Thus, only the European invasion was stopped a process that was spent in the frames of a radical independence. Andean men, not to mediate any cultural exchange with Central America or any other, developed their key crops such as potatoes, maize, coca, his herd of camels, they found pottery and weaving, stone work , cultivated terraces building irrigation canals and 3.

The empire of the Incas is one of the well-researched topics and richer in terms of documentary information. The English since they arrived they were amazed by the organization of the Inca Empire and a western view and imperfect Inca society described 4 ., Chronicles why despite being a source of first hand are riddled with errors, excesses and interests of the authors, it blurs the real Andean reality. One of the concerns of historians, at least in the era of Toledo, was to prove the rights of the crown on American soil, so that the real purpose was not only report on manners and customs between the Indians, but legitimate English domination. In other cases, such as the slaughter of Cajamarca, the writers (pre-Toledo) sought to romanticize and mystify the genocide in recounting the loss of 6, 000 versus 180 Inca Indians fierce English supported by the Apostle Santiago, thus avoiding intentional and grotesque the support received from local tribes subjugated by the Inca state, as well as Indians Nicaraguan Panamanian Indians, including black slaves, so the invaders could impress the king and obtain the coveted titles and lands as promised.

Although it chronicles the main written source that allows us to reconstruct the history of the Inca, it must be subjected to a thorough analysis and examines prior to avoid falling into errors that blur the true history of the Incas. Raúl Porras Barrenechea the most important researcher and sharp critic of the history, reminds us that historians have the delicate task of restoring the original meaning of the concepts Andes. Unfortunately
are chronic, with the then prevailing criteria, which have provided the basis for the "Inca history." Today Thanks to numerous ethnological studies on the one hand, and increased research on the other, besides the release of some unpublished sources, we try to deepen and reinterpret the Andean concepts 5 . So many historians and researchers have contributed to numerous studies to have a thorough knowledge and critical of the majestic Inca Empire. DATING


1 Period characterized by sedentary man, the appearance of the first crop and then agriculture. This corresponds to the Neolithic period in Peru.
2 "appears above witnessed in ceramics. Both as regards the ways religious magical set of images it presents, and whose source of inspiration were models of titicaca tiahuanaco ......" "... From Ayacucho, Wari cultural expression, spread Peru for much of a particular ideology supported by the political and religious power "Federico Kauffman Doig Ancient Peru: A New Perspective Kompact preincas editors, 1990, p200.
3 The reference is to John Murra and comes from an unpublished text quoted in Lumbreras, Luis. Archaeology of Andean America, Milla Batres, 1981, p.33 "as the Andean civilization has developed independientemenete other centers of civilization. Such civilizational development is of great relevance for social science because there are not many instances in the history of mankind "
4 " In the chronicles not only manifest errors aware or in the interpretation of the indigenous religion, but also in political references "... Maria Diez Canseco Rostworowski Andean structures of power: religious and political ideology IEP1983.p13
5

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INCAS Mind Map: "The Rise and Decline of the Pre-Hispanic Societies" Mind Map


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Wednesday, February 6, 2008

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Geoglifos

What are they and what are they?
The Mind Map is a tool that enables the storage, organization and presentation of information in order to facilitate learning processes, management and organizational planning and decision making. Speaking about the Mind Map to other information management technology is allowing us to represent our ideas using a harmonic way cognitive functions of the cerebral hemispheres.

The technique of Mind Mapping was developed by Tony Buzan in order to strengthen the synaptic connections that occur between neurons in the cerebral cortex that enable virtually all the intellectual activities of human beings.

Using the Mind Map produced an electro-chemical bonding between the cerebral hemispheres so that all our cognitive abilities are concentrated on one object and work harmoniously with same purpose. Justification


A mind map is part of radiant thinking, ie the associative thought process from a central point. It is a natural function of the human mind through the mental map projected irradiation graphically this movement of thought, represented by ideas linked to the central image.
is advisable to maintain a ranking and categorization of ideas, it will be beneficial to optimize mental abilities.

How to make a Mind Map? Let
these brief instructions:
1. Use as few words as possible. Of choice "words key "or better still images.
2. Always starts from the center of the sheet by placing the central idea should always develop radiating outwards so.
3. The focus should be represented with a clear and powerful that summarizes the overall theme of the Mind Map.
4. Located through the brainstorm (brainstorm) ideas related to the central idea.
5. Branches by linking the idea or theme related ideas or subtopics.
6. Be guided by the sense of clockwise (Timing) to rank ideas or subtopics.
7. Use spacing (Spacing) to accommodate a balanced way the ideas or subtopics.
8. Stresses keywords or lock them in a colorful circle to reinforce the structure of the map.
9. Use print.
10. Use color to differentiate the issues, their associations and to highlight some content.
11. Think of a three-dimensional.
12. Use arrows, icons or any visual element that allows you to differentiate and to clarify the relationship between ideas.
13. Do not jam. If you run out of ideas on a sub goes to another immediately.
14. Shape your ideas as they come, do not judge or try to change them.
15. Do not limit yourself, if you run a new leaf paste your mind is not guided by the size of the paper.
16. Maximum use of your creativity.
17. Get involved with your Mind Map.
18. Have fun. EXAMPLE


Imagine that our idea is: Game
Immediately we come ideas linked to this central idea: sport, passion, friendship, competition, sweat, victory, fellowship, strength, health, group ... We must now take
hierarchy categorize our secondary ideas, it is advisable to organize the secondary ideas clockwise (clock handles): Let's plot



other examples mind mapping Mind Mapping

Mas. ..